The exponential growth of the world and Russian economy largely depends on the characteristics of scientific and technological progress on a global scale. Prospective short-term, medium-term and especially long-term socio-economic prognoses must be substantiated in the form of realistic plans. The agenda adopted by the Russian president for the accelerated development of the domestic economy largely depends on the successful and timely formation of a new technological paradigm. Our state’s economy itself, and even more so regional socio-economic problems cannot be seen as exclusive and autonomous by their nature. They should be considered and addressed in the context of the new political, economic, technological, social and organizational challenges. In other words, the new entrepreneurial ideology must contain a clear techno-scientific articulation. Any modern ideology is closely linked to the notion of the real importance attributed to the “novel technological paradigm”. Hence, what is a “paradigm”, and even more so the “novel technological paradigm”? The term “paradigm”, widely used today, derives from the Greek word παράδειγμα, that is, “model, pattern”. The development of the Russian economy is largely dependent on the successful and timely formation of a new technoscientific paradigm. The economy of the modern state, according to the terminology by the historian of science Thomas Kuhn used as a methodological tool, fits well into the paradigm of a globalized post-capitalist development. The iconic book by the American scientist “The Structure of Scientific Revolutions” was first published in 1962 [18].Any paradigm is seen as a set of cognitive procedures recognized by the academic community[17]. This includes scientific advances and technological innovations that, over a historically defined time period, provide scientists with a set of sustainable, logically based procedures used in efficient constituting of relevant problems. Specific interdisciplinary interest can be manifested in such an expression as a “new technological paradigm”, since the former has outlived itself as a result of the radical intensification of international competition (economic, technological and political). In our opinion, the “new technological paradigm” can be defined as a complex of relevant institutional, organizational, communicational fixed tools used for the effective production of scientific and technological knowledge. Goods and services produced in an innovative economy are much more likely to be promoted and sold on world markets.

Prospects for the digital economy in Russia

Successful transition to the economic format of the “digital economy” depends not only on purely technological factors, but also on the availability of a relevant legislative framework, highly effective management institutions, and a rationally organized development strategy. In the modern information society, the impact of information technologies on the economic activity of the population is getting constantly increased. This also applies to productive business activities in our country [2]. Russia as a whole and its separate regions must develop based on their economic potential. For example, V.I. Suprun proposed the concept of development of Siberia as a unique mega-region. Such an understanding of the socio-economic development plays an important role especially in geopolitics, though one must also take into consideration the resource, industrial, scientific and educational levels [12]. In attempts to clarify the complex problematics of formation of a stable trend in the digital economy, some Russian scientists (for example, S. Yu. Glazyev) rely on the hypothesis of the so-called “sixth technological paradigm” [4]; [1]. In our opinion, the historical process is however not determined, and it is necessary to consider other, alternative scenarios for the development of technogenic civilization [16; 22; 19;20]. In the information society should be allocated socio-cultural, economic, technological, educational, medical and biological, and other segments. As a definitely dynamic, complex phenomenon, the digital economy can become the most significant driver of transformation for a globalized society[25].

An undisputable fact is that financial transactions, investments, production processes in the sphere of modern economy are determined by the degree of development of advanced technologies, the digital ones in particular. A successfully developing modern economy should be viewed as a complex ensemble of business projects, each of which, and all of them together, are getting integrated on the basis of digital and high-performance management platforms [24]. In the digital era, economic activity objectively takes place within a turbulent historical interval, which can be defined as a unique transition period which is called “the sixth technological order”, or “the fourth industrial revolution” [23]. The fourth industrial revolution (according to V.I. Suprun’s terminology – “the new industrial revolution”) is a phenomenon occurring in recent decades that has drawn the focus of attention of such analysts as P. Marsh, J. Rifkin, K. Anderson, K. Schwab and others [13]. The authors sharing this conceptual stance do not represent some specialized academic discipline (e.g. economics, sociology, or engineering), but rather continue the tradition of an integrated approach to understanding the dynamics of society of the ’60s of the 20th century (D. Bell, A. Toffler and others). This approach can be called complex, or interdisciplinary, when facts from different areas of human activity are analyzed [3].

The sixth technological paradigm: a scientific hypothesis, or a political resource-based project?

The implementation of the large-scale “digital economy” project in Russia largely depends on the effective solution of multitasking problems associated with the speed of development of information technologies and the subsequent construction of an appropriate legislative field. Given that the legislative activity belongs to the legal sphere of the state, it should be noted that information technologies are themselves complementary and interdependent in their relationship with other technologies. All these and other advanced technologies are often seen as belonging to the “emergent technologies”, being also abbreviated as NBIC (an acronym for Nanotechnology, Biotechnology, Information technology and Cognitive science). In Russian science, on the initiative of S.Yu. Glazyev, an interdisciplinary reflection on the role of advanced technologies in a progressive economic growth is considered within the context of “the sixth technological paradigm” hypothesis. In our opinion, the concept of digital economy in Russia does not yet have a clear conceptual justification. The sixth technological paradigm, emergent technologies (Nanotechnology, Biotechnology, Information technology и Cognitive science) and their convergence seem to be a purely terminological instrumental part of the complex economic plan. By itself, the “technological breakthrough” cannot be implemented as a stand-alone development option in Russia, but rather as a strategically important factor of epochal transformation. To further clarify the topic, it is necessary to minimize and, in its essence, redefine the parameters of the terminological discussion as to what “in fact” is a powerful technological driver of the modern economy. Is it about development of emergent technologies, nominated with an established abbreviation NBIC, or rather a procedural-operational option of the sixth technological paradigm? Naturally, any extreme terminological certainty is fraught with the establishment of a universal unified technological vector. In our opinion, information technology should be seen as a connecting link for the processes of integration of high technologies.

If we minimize the narrowness of purely technocratic thinking, it turns out that the modern digital era is a complex phenomenon that includes such aspects as legal activity, public administration, management, economic and technological development, education system, transport, medicine, etc. Hence, it is fair to say that the digital economy program finds itself in a unique historical period of bifurcation. This is a strategically important stage, which can also be referred to as a transition to the sixth technological paradigm. It is this historical interval that will largely determine the realization of socio-economic megatrends on a global scale. The concept of the “sixth technological order” was first introduced by the Russian economist Nikolay Kondratyev. He described the organization logic of the historically deterministic process of cyclical economic activity [10]. This methodological approach was further elaborated in the theoretical works by D.S. Lvov [11], V.M. Averbukh [1] and S. Yu. Glazyev [4; 5; 7; 8]. The notion of the “sixth technological paradigm” reflects theoretical concepts of the key mechanisms of providing the successful development of a single country / economy under conditions of dynamic trends of development of the modern world economy [6]. The phrase “technological paradigm” also refers to the total set of advanced technologies, taking place within a historically determined time period and significantly increasing productivity. Permanent technical, scientific and technological progress objectively contributes to the transformation of society and the revolutionary transition from one production relationship to another, being more productive [1]. At present, according to S.Yu. Glazyev, the world economy grows mainly under the influence factor of the sixth technological paradigm [9]. In his opinion, the economy of modern Russia can be characterized as being in a specific economic state that meets to the qualitative parameters of the third, fourth and fifth technological paradigms. In opinion of V.M. Averbukh, heavy engineering, electrical engineering and chemical industry had developed on the basis of the third technological order. Within the same time period there had been invented the telegraph, telephone and radio. Somewhat later, there emerged such an economic phenomenon as the concentration of capital, and took place the “organizational revolution” (there appeared cartels, syndicates, trusts, corporations, etc.). The dominance of the economic and political spheres first manifested at the local, and later on at the global level [1]. To accelerate financial and economic transactions on the global scale, there is implemented the digitalization of relevant information. Nowadays, based on the information technologies, there develop not only the effective communicative and economic activities, but also the system of higher education and scientific research.

The phenomenon of digital economy in the focus of academic discussions

Not only domestic historians and economists attempt to interpret the historical logic of development of the capitalist and, in particular, post-capitalist civilization. The theorists of the digital economy phenomenon writing for the English-speaking segment of the modern science recruit specific terms to describe the high-tech processes occurring in the global economy. To provide effective academic communication on the “digital economy” subject, it is necessary to minimize an often occurring epistemological impediment which, in the terminology of Francis Bacon, is expressed by the metaphor “idols of the market”. In the theory of knowledge, researchers have long noted the counterproductive “dispute about words”, which is often hidden behind the procedure named the “clarification of concepts.” Sometimes when translating from one language to another, the meaning of certain terms can be occasionally distorted, which may in turn generate lengthy pseudoscientific discussions. The mentioned earlier terminological phrase used by some Russian economists and translated here as “the sixth technological paradigm” can also be translated into English in several ways: the sixth technological setup, structure, order, or the sixth techno scientific way of life, other options are also possible. To avoid a purely scholastic discussion about “right” terms, it seems appropriate to first determine the semantic content of the English-language alternative variants. It seems very unrealistic to expect in the nearest future (and, in particular, today, in the age of super-speeds), that English-speaking researchers might on their own reach the point of adopting our domestic terminology and start using such a term as “the sixth technological paradigm”. As a terminological equivalent for the “sixth technological paradigm” one can use such a term as “the fourth industrial revolution” pertaining not exclusively to technical and production activities, but rather to the epochal, paradigmatic shift in living of the modern mankind. This type of “integral approach” to understanding the epochal shift is presented in the works by Jens Christensen. Considerable increase in the internet related options aimed at a user, emergence of social media, high-speed mobile communications, cloud services for storing large amounts of information, technologies of rapid retrieval of strategically important information (big data), Internet of things (IoT) and other information resources provide a favorable background for the start of the fourth industrial revolution. The most novel technologies such as 3D printing, sharing economy, gamification of economic activity and other innovations greatly accelerate the high-performance economic activities [14]. According to Christensen, the modern economy can be generally described as a set of business structures interconnected on the basis of specialized programs, including information systems. He argues that the business activities in the era of dominance of digital technologies is a complex globalized process. A clear understanding of trend dynamics, including economic ones, is facilitated by effective business analytics. J. Christensen demonstrates that already in the early 2020s high technologies and new trends in management (first of all, highly efficient logistics) are going to form to a great extent separate branches of industrial production, transport, communications and services. For this reason, it can be stated that the fourth industrial revolution has already begun. At the same time, he believes that these trends are not autonomous, but rather interdependent and mutually complementary, and therefore they must be viewed as a complex phenomenon on a planetary scale [14]. Global leadership (technological, socio-economic and political) in the digital age can be provided not only by political will and the ideology of progressive development, but also high (emergent) technologies and original organizational solutions. Along with other promising technologies, the importance of information technology (IT) is constantly growing. Besides, information technology allows more efficient use of existing business resources (investments and professional staff). According to Dylhe Dyche, the successful implementation of a new business model within the framework of activities conducted by competitive corporations in compliance with the digital economy requirements is impossible without the use of the newest IT [15]. This is clearly understood by politicians, economists, experts and scientists. Depending on the level of development of the productive forces and production relations inherent in one country or another, it is obvious that even the “most fitting” theory must be backed up bycertain practical actions. In his book “Digital Strategy: A Guide to Transforming the Digital Business” (2016), Alexander Rauser provides the analysis of a set of practical solutions for those businessmen who strive to achieve high results in today’s high-tech business environment [21]. He believes that entrepreneurs who want to be successful in the digital age must accelerate the introduction of technological and organizational innovations. When implementing their business acitvities, they by default are always prepared to the phenomenon of digital disruption. Nowadays, the widespread term disruption should be understood as a “break in the pattern”, “a cognitive break with previous stereotypes.” Those who aspire to succeed in the modern globalized business will inevitably use high-performance digital technologies. In addition to applied digital technologies, it is also critical to have a promising “digital strategy”. Otherwise, the entrepreneur multiplies risks, and may then turn to appear (in the short, medium, and even more so in the long term) much less efficient than his competitors. In today’s business, there are widely used the logistics tools based on analytical technology called big data (a set of methods for accelerated processing of giant volumes of unstructured or structured information of specific nature). According to A. Rauser, the lack of rational understanding of digital strategy creates true risks of non-targeted spending of various strategic resources (time, investment and human resources). Consistent policy of planning, creation, introduction, and implementation of digital strategy (in corporations, globally-oriented high-tech companies) ensures the effective implementation of needed innovations and a successful risk management. Without such the steps, the implementation of digital strategy is not impossible at all [21]. The notion of ​​ digital economy in Russia so far is in the space of political rhetoric and lacks conceptual clarity. The sixth technological / economic paradigm (emergent technologies and their convergence) appears to be only an instrumental option of a cumulative social and economic success. “Technological breakthrough” cannot be in itself an autonomous factor of the complex transformation of Russia, but rather a strategically important vector of epochal changes. Developers of the program of the digital economy in Russia, apparently, are hoping for the integration of available resources on the principle of “first you need to get involved in the fight, but there it will be seen.” For the time being this is an ambitious project, rather than a “project”. Without having an integral, realistic picture of current trends in the dynamics of planetary economic processes, it is unlikely that large-scale projects in the digital economy segment of Russia will be implemented on time. The designers of the digital economy program in Russia are apparently hoping for the integration of available resources on the following principle: “simply get involved in the fight and watch the consequences”. For the time being this is an ambitious idealistic scheme, rather than a realistic project. Without having a coherent realistic picture that reflects the current trends in the dynamics of today’s planetary economic processes, it seems very unlikely to succeed in carrying out the large-scale projects within the segment of state development called “the digital economy of Russia.”

Conclusion. In clarifying the conceptual framework of the new technological paradigm currently defining the digital economic space, it is necessary to analytically elaborate the potential of appropriate technological and organizational innovations. However, the prospects for digital economy imply substantial investments as well into the legal framework, the areas of education and mass communications. The term “new techno scientific paradigm” might serve as one of the most relevant terminological expressions in the context of disputes about the conditions of implementation and the prospects for the digital economy. The program of the digital economy in Russia has already been manifested and relies on a distinct political background. However there is absent an appropriate strategy of the so called “digital economy”. To ensure the proper implementation of a relevant strategically important state program, it is necessary to integrate available high-tech resources on the basis of a new techno-scientific paradigm.

As a high-tech resource of the digital era, artificial intelligence (AI) is going to significantly accelerate the “digital economy” which is an important segment of the national economy. Being a multi-tasking tool, AI is a key technology that largely determines the pace and direction of development of human civilization in the coming decades. In the future, the welfare of citizens and states will obviously depend on the level of development of information technologies, availability of systems equipped with high-performance modules based on advanced artificial intelligence, robotics, nano- and biotechnologies, and the high-precision production of new materials with unique properties [12; 14;8;6]. The modern globalized society undergoes various changes at a tremendous rate. Today, and especially tomorrow, being a result of corporate and interstate competition, there will be presented inventions, and even some techno-scientific trends which are likely to radically change all industrial production, transportation, the system of targeted investments, communication between people and organizations. This trend is seen as a strategic one by many state leaders. According to Vladimir Putin, it is necessary for Russia to become the best in such high-tech spheres as: medicine, IT technologies, robotics and to be among leaders in many other areas in order to bring about a true technological breakthrough [4].

Consideration of relevant problems related to the implementation of complex State programs (including the development and effective use of artificial intelligence systems) in the course of formation of a new high-performance economy is becoming more and more popular [5]. The widespread introduction of high-tech systems with a high proportion of AI is a strategically important direction of development within the framework of the Russian economy. However, the uneven technological development of Russia objectively depends on the availability of administrative and economic barriers, and they must first be effectively dealt with [6].

For successful realization of highly complex initiatives in the context of implementation of complex public projects directly related to the program of the digital economy, systems of artificial intelligence appear to be indispensable. Such popular in the media concepts as “digital age”, “digital economy”, “artificial intelligence”, “robotization”, “blockchain”, “technological and organizational innovations” and many others reflect a radical shift in the modern people worldview and, even more, in the organizational environment of managers who are in charge of implementing effective state policy. The phenomenon of digital revolution has an objective origin and is determined by the need for accelerated effective adaptation to the new techno-scientific paradigm[2]. For the implementation of the digital economy program, artificial intelligence systems appear to be a universal tool, both in terms of logistics and infrastructural transformations. Besides these highly specialized applications, the potential of AI can be used for large-scale complex socio-economic projects. Nonlinear introduction of artificial intelligence systems will objectively contribute to aggravation of socio-economic contradictions in society (the phenomenon of a significant increase in mass unemployment, uneven distribution of strategically important information and management resources). The problems of AI effective use in the context of the sixth technological paradigm will inevitably appear in the epistemological focus of interdisciplinary research [3].

The meaning of AI in the context of the fourth industrial revolution

To more effectively design the algorithms for regulatory functions in the digital economy for different levels of business process management, it is important to analyze the socio-economic indicators of growth in the national economy. The roadmap of the “Digital Economy” program includes such a factor as technical modeling. This is not an option exclusively related to the sphere of information technologies, but rather a part of competencies of a manager, not an engineer. The introduction of the “Digital Economy” program offers extrapolation of development methods in the agro-industrial, health recreation and tourist complexes, as well as in medicine, insurance industry, territorial-economic system in the regions, organized in several stages [1].

These and other multifunctional tasks can be helped by implementing artificial intelligence. The AI project itself and its different versions have been the subject of interdisciplinary research for already several decades.Due to its importance, artificial intelligence appears to be a historically objective high-tech project. The goal of AI developers is the creation of self-learning intelligent machines and their integration in a network (either on local or global scale). Various devices equipped with AI are designed and manufactured on a platform created with the help of high-performance scientific and technological tools by specialists in such related fields as mathematics, computer science, and cognitive science. Artificial intelligence systems are effectively used in specialized applied fields (equipment manufacturing, motor industry, education programs, creation of test systems, internet search engines, instant messengers, weather forecasting). One of the most important functions of artificial intelligence is the realization of such creative forms of activity which are normally considered purely human. Among other things, artificial intelligence systems are high-tech accelerators for the accelerated development of the digital economy [9]. Technologists and inventors working in the field of AI design and construction are trying to foresee the ways productive activity of people might be carried out in the nearest future, with intelligent machines being widely in demand and, to a certain extent, involved into the process of formation of the natural and social reality. Amir Husain points out that artificial intelligence has already been playing an increasingly important role in our society [7]. The complex problems associated with the use of various equipment and systems incorporating artificial intelligence are already becoming very relevant. Specialists and experts who work in the Google Corporation, the universities of Oxford, Stanford and Montreal, as well as the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence (AI2), are currently engaged into solving the issues directly related to the production and efficient use of AI [11]. It is coming the epochal turning point in world history, as emergent technologies contribute to the radical transformation of not only the infrastructure of modern economic sphere, but also of the very way the goods and services are being produced. Under conditions of the digital economy a new anthropological problem will inevitably arise – how the nature of man will be redefined. Within the conceptual framework of the “fourth industrial revolution” hypothesis it is expected to formulate a specific understanding of the roles attributed to artificial intelligence (AI), robotics and other high-tech tools used in today’s society. The fourth industrial revolution (Fourth age) brings about a specific intellectual space, where it is essential to reflect on the pressing social and economic problems that humanity will inevitably face in the near future. Novel methods of monitoring are required to help predict the dynamics of such high-tech trends as industrial production of advanced artificial intelligence systems, continuous machine learning, automation of unified and standardized human activities, creative computer programs, creation of artificial life forms (synthetic biology), bioethics, neuroethics, AI ethics, technological singularity [10].

The fourth industrial revolution: the robotization of economics, total unemployment threat

The problem of a substantial increase of unemployment under conditions of the fourth industrial revolution is becoming increasingly urgent. The question of how to overcome the social and economic contradictions characteristic for the modern era of scientific and technological transformation of society is becoming one of the most pressing problems for experts, managers, politicians and other categories of citizens. Of high importance is the problem of effective adaptation of citizens to a radically transforming society, especially given the rapidly changing parameters of communication (the presence of Wi-Fi – a communicative wireless LAN technology on the platform of IEEE 802.11 standards). This includes smartphones, various options for augmented reality, etc. These obvious techno-communicative trends mark the search for new, more effective symbiotic economic relations. Researchers of the problems related to the wide introduction of advanced intellectual technologies point out that these trends imply an organizational upgrade of higher education, effective pension reform, and a high-tech transformation of state policy. Eventually, the AI and extremely broad robotization will contribute to the emergence of a completely new approach to economics [13].

Currently hot topics related to the widespread use of artificial intelligence are getting multiplied, at least in quantitative terms. Issues related to the ethical, economic and other aspects of artificial intelligence application, the prospects for its implementation, risks and competition under conditions of modern civilization, receive ambiguous interpretations [8]. The fact is that many “people from the street” often ask: How is artificial intelligence goint to change our daily life? Reflection on the historical moment when many jobs will be occupied by high-performance robots will eventually become an objective reality. However, it should be noted that the AI implementation is going to create a situation when there will be a huge number of new jobs, where people will use available artificial intelligence capacities. Hence, both direct and indirect use of AI in the labor market and the way in which the relevant business processes are getting transformed, and, in particular, the development of whole new industries, is an actual trend of research for economists, social theorists and futurologists.

Relevant problems related to studying the prospects of broad AI introduction are as follows: application of artificial intelligence systems as complementary or alternative to natural intelligence; the potential for a radical change in the social and economic landscape of the labor market, due to the fact that artificial intelligence systems will actively influence the development of such industries as: business; safety of industrial production and transport highways, ensuring the safety of unmanned vehicles; the use of robots in everyday life (tutoring, supervision of children); enhancing the economic indicators of transnational technology companies through the use of AI [13]. Automation of production processes and communicative transactions through the development of artificial intelligence systems renders a positive impact on the globalized society. “Smart machines” will inevitably shape the labor market in the era of the fourth industrial revolution. Some experts in economics are quite optimistic about the creation of new high-tech jobs, while the other are fairly pessimistic when referring the risks of unemployment and permanent loss of jobs. Despite the difference in interpretations of the forthcoming robotization of the world economy, interdisciplinary studies indicate that the developed economies will lose hundreds of millions of jobs in the near future. The topic is of high relevance. Todd Kelsey, the author of the analytical study “Surfing the Tsunami”, provides in his book a methodological introduction to the topic of “artificial intelligence and the phenomenon of unemployment”. His interdisciplinary research is based on empirically valid data and ongoing global trends. The central idea of his study is that we are already in a high need of opening a discussion on the analysis of risks related to the introduction of AI into classical economic activities. He describes the three main scenarios for a high-tech future: 1) adaptation of the economy to a permanently changing situation; 2) adoption of a new economic reality (while it is necessary to effectively use existing program and organizational tools and multipurpose platforms related to AI); 3) engagement into the process of developing advanced artificial intelligence [9].

Conclusion

The project of intensified digitalization of the Russian economy will inevitably encounter the already mentioned problems: a clash with the new economic reality; adjustment to the permanently changing situation in high-tech economic activity; mass unemployment phenomenon. The current study provided the analysis of topical issues related to the creation of new technological and organizational momentum for the successful economic development of Russia. It is considered, in particular, the prospect of using artificial intelligence in the sphere of economic activity. It is shown that under conditions of actively developing information era, the infrastructure and communicative parameters of the economy will be largely determined by the use of artificial intelligence systems. The widespread introduction of AI is going to inevitably exacerbate the already pressing social and economic contradictions. Among them an increase in spare time and its positive structuring, and difficulties in creating new jobs.

When analyzing the interdisciplinary aspects of the information society development, it is necessary to survey the main drivers of highly profitable economic activity. Productive economic activity of citizens in the modern society is largely determined by rational investments. Start-ups undoubtedly give acceleration to the modern economy. These can be defined as such commercial enterprises that carry out original forms of innovative business.Their goal is to collect super profits through satisfying consumer demand by means of creating a highly competitive business model based on a scalable business platform for the effective promotion of a product or service. Those who are tired of the debilitating corporate race for promotion, have an opportunity to radically change their lifestyle by making their own business. Rob Kornblum [17] believes that running one’s own start-up company is not only quite an achievable goal, but even a necessary step for enterprising people. The term startup company (startup, start-up) was first introduced on the pages of Forbes magazine (1973), and later in Business Week (1977). Startup is commonly seen as a company that has very high commercial risks, but in case of success provides a high and quick profit [3; 26]. According to Erick Ries startup is a commercial enterprise that creates a new original product in a highly competitive and uncertain environment [24]. The new techno-scientific paradigm considerably affects, be it directly or indirectly, the dynamics of economic activity. Along with classically organized enterprises and corporations, the number of economic micro and macroobjects with an ultrashort historical distance of economic activity has radically increased in recent decades [31; 27]. Among such “fast” commercial companies one can distinguish start-ups and ICO’s [2]. Since the world economy always holds on to hope, be it justified or illusory, for some hidden original organizational and technological resources, the topic of start-ups (the determinants of their origin and economic efficiency) appears to be quite relevant. Back in the early 1990s, the term had already been widely used in academic and quasi-economic literature (popular newspapers and magazines). Even greater debates about startup companies “flared up” in relation to the economic collapse of a number of super successful dotcoms (dot com boom, Internet stock bubble) in the context of analyzing the causes and consequences of the crisis [7; 20; 33; 23; 32].

Rapid economic growth is the main distinguishing feature characteristic for start-ups. Start-ups are, in fact, historically “instant” pilot project organizations / teams aimed at an optimal search for high-performance and dynamic business activities. The most frequently used today phrase “digital economy” must be backed by investments and certain breakthrough business models. Russia’s digital economy trend should be seen today in the context of the world economy [1]. Rajat Bhargava and Will Herman believe that investors, venture capitalists, business incubators and accelerators play a deciding role for the start-up ecosystem [5]. Business incubators are organizationsinvolved in curatorial support of beginning businessmen at any stage of a startup development. Business accelerators (startup accelerators) serve as specialized structures for supporting startup companies.

Start-upas a driver for a high performance economy

Under conditions of a turbulent economy, the business space is getting radically transformed which results in that the role of start-ups (mobile economic organizations) grows up. Introducing an original business idea and its successful commercialization is not as easy for any startup company. In addition to economic aspects of a wide use of startup activities, of essence are also such topics as risks and competition. Exponential growth in the welfare of the majority of people is ensured not only by high technologies and start-ups, but also by legitimacy of business activities and transparency of work ethics. Among economic and reputational criteria for receiving investments into start-ups are the quantity of employees, the quality of the company’s verified “genealogy”, and a sufficiently innovative high-tech product as the output of a technological cycle. The growth in number of start-ups around the world in recent years and their highly risky and sometimes excess funding have become the focus of a wide public interest and resonance [28; 10; 34; 25; 8].

The ultra-competitive startup world where start-ups can often be seen to crash and burn because their leaders tend to get addicted to their own business ideas and forget about historical examples of business failures, however attracts a lot of entrepreneurs. Randy Komisar and Jantoon Reigersman argue that only those can achieve a guaranteed victory in the modern business environment who are capable of quickly learning the insider information about what it takes to build a stable and highly effective venture [16]. Despite the fact that the majority of start-ups eventually fail, many failures could have been prevented. Erick Ries sees the functioning of a start-up as an activity of a specific business structure that is established to produce a fundamentally new product or service in the face of extreme market uncertainty. The most efficient start-ups survive and quickly adapt to a highly competitive business environment by means of recruiting the creativity shown by their employees. Among the factor of effectiveness are validated learning, rapid scientific experimentation, as well as counter-intuitive practices of finding non-standard solutions for complex exclusive tasks, which greatly helps in minimizing temporal cycles needed for making a new product.

Being in a constant contact with potential consumers lets the employees of a successful start-up to easily change the direction of searching for optimal product parameters [24; 25]. Innovations are seen as a characteristic feature of start-ups in the context of the information society. Start-ups contribute indirectly to a development of a business culture based on the constant use of innovations [9]. Having analyzed the reasons underlying the explosive economic growth by such world-famous corporations in the field of digital economy as Tinder, Bumble, Facebook, Twitter, Apple and Dropbox, Cliff Lerner offers the tactics for any startup to achieve a mega success. He has created a web-site with a goal to help beginners in business in their attempts to establish their first start-up. In his book Explosive Growth which is meant for ambitious people focused on making business the author in a convincing and inspiring manner proposes a step-by-step strategy of achieving a maximum business success [18].

Start-up risks and bonuses

The main task to achieve by any start-up founder is seen in a successful translation of innovative ideas into a profitable and scalable business. Even highly competitive and original business ideas turn out to be not sufficient for a new start-up. According to Dan Lyons, doing start-up business in the digital economy environment is a matter of survival within a tech bubble [Lyons, 2017]. There is a widely accepted stereotype, the so-called tech startup mythology depicting a successful story of an “ordinary” start-up in the digital economy environment. A young and optimistic undertaker with an MBA degree challenges transnational corporations and puts forward a genius marketing business idea (cool idea). Then, (s)he overcomes the most difficult obstacles, quickly earning millions (or even billions) of dollars / euros eventually becoming a “superstar” in the world of modern business. Rand Fishkin demonstrates that the real story of the cruel world of private enterprise appears to be quite different. He believes that it is just necessary to be “at the right time in the right place” [12]. One is in need of a systematic audit of the market segment that the startup company intends to “conquer”, a critical analysis of business development hypotheses based on the rational technical and economic project feasibility study.

According to Donatas Jonikas, there are real dangers / risks of focusing on the implementation of a start-up project unless entrepreneurs have not completed the basic procedures regarding logistics and marketing [14]. In terms of financial risks, startups are similar to the crowdfunding system [29; 30; 11; 13]. However there are significant differences. Startup companies are always hoping for quick superprofits while crowdfunding implies voluntary investments (sort of humanitarian assistance). Investments are a kind of business game with high profit expectations and low real incomes. It is obvious that all investors seek to maximize their chances of success. To do so, they are trying to rely on the most effective business strategies. When investing into start-ups, it is always necessary to analyze possible causes for the mistakes made (for both sides) which is quite a valuable experience [4]. Hype (annoying over-advertising aimed at directing investment flows “in the right place”) raised around a successful startup company, should not be misleading.As shown by Jerrold Kaplan [15] and John Carreyrou [6], the legendary startups from the Silicon Valley have many “skeletons in the closet”. That is why there must be a reliable “roadmap” for each start-up to ensure conducting a successful business and minimizing risks. When a start-up gets growing and transforming, a clear road map is a must. To ensure economic success, it is preferable to devide all the way into several significant stages [19]. In order to collect a quick return on investments, founders of each particular start-up elaborate such a road map which should represent an effective strategy for a short-term and long-term planning. The most risky segment of start-up project management deals with the questions of necessary and sufficient funding. Due to the association between socio-economic activities and high-tech start-ups, there may increase the risks of dangerous transformation of society, threats of dehumanization and other risks [21]. Under conditions of the digital economy, investing into start-ups can be done with the use of crypto currencies which carries significant risks in view of their high volatility. The main motivating factors for investors are always a potential demand, highly competitive characteristics and economic prospects of each particular project.

Conclusion.

Under conditions of digital economy, promising start-up projects can be effectively carried out by relying on intellectual and managerial resources and sufficient financial investments.The digital economy is a part of available economic activities, and its development depends entirely on legal and other factors to ensure rapid technological breakthroughs. Similar to any economic activity, start-ups imply both obvious and latent risks, which can be pre-calculated and minimized. Any positive economic initiatives (e.g. conducting startup projects) are in high demand today and deserve to become an object of an interdisciplinary research.

Financial investments, organizational and technological innovations in business environment significantly transform the configurations of globalized markets. Conservative schemes for the production of goods and services are growing unpopular and uncompetitive as their qualitative properties lose considerably their consumer value. Radical innovations are the main reason for the fundamental changes. The nowadays pupular topic of innovation development was first introduced into academic circulation by Clayton M. Christensen. His widely used today slogan disruptive innovation was used in a journal publication in 1995 [2]. Later on, in his most famous book The Innovator’s Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail (1997) he exhibited the so-called “model of disruptive innovation”.  Many economists use this theory / model to explain the significant impact of innovative technologies on the effective business operation. Clayton Christensen develops in his books the idea of innovative business [3]; [4]; [5]; [6]; [7]. Within the modern context of understanding the logic of efficient business, the model of disruptive innovation appears to become a sort of innovative idea that encourages the actors of “disruptive innovation” to build up additional market value for goods and services. Disruptive innovation consistently undermines the available market network, ousting the leading corporations, goods and services from the globalized market. Christensen examines the fundamental reasons for which the major corporations, leaders in their industrial sectors, rapidly lose their economic positions when new players, innovations and novel technologies appear on the market. Fundamentally new properties of goods and services find their consumers, who buy them despite definite shortcomings inherent to them. Such consumers create a spontaneous and steady demand, for which to meet there are made respective investments in the latest technologies, and the innovative business environment keeps developing. At the same time, the volume of new production is getting significantly increased. In such a way, there comes that important economic moment when new technologies are becoming disruptive by their nature and can be justifiably named as disruptive innovations and disruptive technologies. According to the conclusions made by Clayton Christensen, all value motivations, production, organizational and other processes radically change at the very moment when there appear disruptive innovations.

The use of additional capacities brought by disruptive innovation / disruptive technologies to facilitate the competitive qualities of a company or a state testifies to that the fourth industrial (technological) revolution provides additional opportunities for realizing the human potential. It is necessary to discover the newest disruptive technologies faster than others in the competitive race, to estimate their value as accurately as possible and to achieve intended goals in full. Among such disruptive technologies can be web-based services and real time computations, P2P business, software-as-a-service, as well as grid computing, electronic tagging, and location-based services [8].  When translating the term disruptive innovation into Russian, it has more of a negative connotation. That’s why we see more fitting in the context of our work the wording which can be back translated into English as breakthrough technologies. Economic growth points are being operated more efficiently when disruptive technologies are implemented in quite a broad and very fast manner. Companies, organizations and enterprises which cannot adapt to the changing conditions of doing modern business (business as it is, in the broad sense of the word) must disappear. It takes time for understanding and estimation of the potential brought about by the newest technologies (blockchain, artificial intelligence, 3D printing, etc.), yet it is very much limited. In such a turbulent situation, it is necessary to delineate a few key points: there are needed such technologies which provide the most effective solutions for specific problems; radical transformation of former behaviors of actors, because each problem affects people in a certain way while they are forced to make rationally based decisions quickly. The competitive race under conditions of the information society brings victory to those who are fast in decision-making in a real-time mode. Digitalization of the economy (and everyday life) makes us recruit modern information technologies more extensively. The rule “Digitize or Die” is a metaphor pointing at a strategically important step for any leader who is in need of implementing a certain business model in an organization [9]. A good example of implementing disruptive innovation is the TBD system (Technology, Behaviour and Data) that helps many corporations in maintaining their long-term success. Plainly speaking, TBD is a set of guiding lines for making effective decisions, using rational investment strategies, and promoting practical implementation of innovations. Disruptive innovations / disruptive technologies are a clear threat to the old-time “closed technologies”.

The processes of introduction of disruptive technologies has both positive and negative implications. Their effect and applied value can be verified by means of monitoring changes occurring during real economic activities. Examples of disruptive technologies: in the technological segment of advanced communications in 1865, telephones began to take the place of telegraph devices; in the early 19th century in Western Europe, ships with a steam engine began to displace sailing vessels; in the middle of the 20th century, devices with semiconductors began to force out electrovacuum devices; in the beginning of the 21st century, digital cameras began to oust film cameras from the camera market, and e-mail technologies finally replaced today the “paper-envelope” mail. In “Disruptive technologies” (2017) Paul Armstrong suggests to comprehend the necessary steps that every responsible businessman should take to ensure that the latest technologies (disruptive technologies) could be used “to the maximum” of their potential. He analyzes the whole set of interrelated knowledge and methods that allow him to interact effectively with disruptive technologies to enhance the basic positions in any business. Among such novel technologies are: blockchain (financial transactions with bitcoin), artificial intelligence, graphene, nanotechnologies and other determining factors. There are such ones as sharing economy, mobile penetration, millennial generation as a workforce, ageing but still employable populations [1]. Paul Armstrong has elaborated a sort of a roadmap for the correct formulation of topical problems, their objective evaluation and making effective decisions. He believes that to this end it is required to have rationally designed forecasting of potential scenarios, frameworks, alternative strategies and other methodological tools for auditing technological capabilities of a particular business. Extended circulation of technological and business innovations, the latest social innovations and lifestyles, radical transformation of the employment structure are primarily related in a global context to such a phenomenon as creative destruction which goes far beyond geographic and political boundaries. These trends are mostly visible in the economic segments of modern society. Such a situation initiates academicians to undertake a complex interdisciplinary research of the nature and consequences for states, corporations, consumer groups and even single individuals of a phenomenon called disruptive technologies. Innovative breakthrough / disruptive technologies is the most important resource for socio-economic growth and progress [10].

Conclusion.

Here is presented the problematics related to the premises of successful implementation of the economic digitization program in Russia. The business model based on the use of disruptive innovations allows to build up a new market demand for goods and services. Competition on a global scale contributes to the accelerated introduction of disruptive technologies, radically transforming the present situation on the world markets. The theory and practice of disruptive innovations ensures the implementation of radical socio-economic transformations on a planetary scale. The reformatting of the world economic space is heterogeneous. Technological breakthroughs are always driven by the use of system innovations. Therefore, the advantage goes to those “fast and ultrafast” states and corporations that own true breakthrough innovations which are both disruptive and creatively destructive. Accelerated spreading of innovations contributes to a radical transformation of society as a whole. Such frontal changes are determined, in the first place, by the phenomenon of creative destruction / disruptive innovation / disruptive technologies, which objectively become the drivers of scientific and technological progress. Interdisciplinary research of high-tech factors underlying socio-economic growth is a priority for academicians belonging to all spheres of scientific activity. Under conditions of a dynamically developing information society, the research into the phenomenon of disruptive technologies and innovations will make it possible to effectively implement the key social and economic projects in Russia.

Organizational, economic and technological innovations essentially depend both on the volume of financial investments and the competencies of people involved in their implementation. Teaching staff working in various divisions of higher education is required to design their own projects aimed at reformatting pedagogical technologies in the context of systemic transformations of the Russian society. Of most importance is providing an effective training for specialists of different profiles [1; 2; 3; 4]. The economic situation in the globalized markets for goods and services implies an increased competition among transnational brands. Former technologies used in the production of consumer goods are becoming less popular, because their key properties tend to lose their consumer value in a shorter time period. Innovations appear to become a key reason for radical transformations in this sphere. The relevant topic of innovation development in the economy and society as a whole was first articulated by Clayton M. Christensen. Coined by him and now widely used expression “disruptive innovation” appeared in an academic publication back in 1995 [6]. In his popular book The Innovator’s Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail (1997) he offered the analysis of the “disruptive innovation model” [7]. This methodological tool is recruited by some economists to describe the mechanisms for the introduction of innovative technologies. In his books, Christensen examines the complex idea of innovation business in the broadest sense [8; 9; 10]. The meaning of such expressions as disruptive innovations and disruptive technologies can have broad semantics depending on the context. Disruptive technologies can be understood in a sense of “breakthrough technologies” (i.e. biochemical discoveries in the pesticide industry); “subversive technologies” (the use of stem cells in medicine); “pushy technologies” (mobile internet); “cross-border technologies” (production of mini-satellites of nano-technological scale with low investments and short R&D cycle), etc. Critical for disruptive technologies is the effect of significant acceleration in both production and quality of particular goods or services.

In recent years, there emerged new trends in the world on the basis of an electronically interdependent economic unit, when the disruption of previously stable functional and industrial relations at one end of the planet renders a significant impact on other players. Thanks to disruptive technologies, innovations reach the most remote places of the world and help introduce the more efficient and flexible forms of organization for activities, including the sphere of education. When translating “disruptive innovations” into Russian, the term normally receives the connotations close to the phrase “subversive innovations”. In the present paper, the preferred translation can be better reflected in the notion of “breakthrough innovations”. The more fitting translation can take such a form as “breakthrough/subversive technologies” [5]. In terms of understanding the prospects of the innovative model of education, disruptive innovation is such an innovative practice that encourages creating an additional market value for educational services, especially in the field of higher education. Thus, in the field of university education, disruptive technologies contribute to the process of creative destruction of the available market network, ousting other educational projects from the planetary market. The fundamental reasons underlying the transformation of the higher education system in each its segment, are determined by technological and economic factors.The situation, characterized by the emergence of new opportunities for “players” on the market of high-tech services, is not unique.

Successful organizations always keep track of ongoing innovations. Their business environment does not allow for an instant restructuring, as this would demand significant investment and human resources.At the same time, every organization claiming a leadership position must constantly reflect on the value system (the present one and the alternatives). The point is that disruptive innovations can in fact instantly destroy the old value system of a “young firm”.At the same time, a conservative, stable organization is capable of defendign its positions for some time (i.e. despite the exponential growth of the Internet audience, television still exists). Two strategies can be used here: a survival under highly competitive conditions and a priority of getting prosperous on the market. Christensen believes that a disruptive innovation has to do with a critically different product or service that appeals to a new set of customers.

Innovations and high technologies establish new service properties. In that way, educational institutions find their unique consumers. It is the solvent consumers that create a steady demand for educational services. To meet this demand, adequate investments are needed, including those made into high technologies. Thanks to the mass introduction of such technologies, the innovative business environment keeps expanding. We are approaching the economic stage when innovative technologies are going to become the tool associated with the term disruptive technologies. Recruiting the tools and the whole ecosystem of disruptive innovations to improve the state’s competitive advantages shows that innovations by themselves give additional resources to help realize human potential. It is necessary to be faster than other competitors when introducing high-tech disruptive technologies. Of importance is finding their economic efficiency on time to achieve the goals. The list of such disruptive technologies comprises the P2P business, software as a service, web-services and real-time computations, grid computing, electronic tagging and other location-based services [12].

Breakthrough technologies in the university education today

New landmarks and technologies force the executors to constantly revise their production models in order to stay competitive [11]. Total digitization becomes grounds for a disruptive technology breakthrough. Christian Kromme showed that the technosphere develops by following the same evolutionary stages as the biosphere. The world works at the biological level, the technological level and at the level of all humanity. They are interlinked and complementary to each other. Internetized digital technologies in fact unite humanity into one organism, “metacognitome”. This “supermind” transforms fundamentally the ways we think and see the world. The moralistic imperative by Rousseau-Thoreau “back to nature” today, when the technosphere expands in an exponential way, becomes obviously irrelevant. According to Kromme, humanification is, in the first place, about the use of technological innovations in our daily life [13]. Such technologies are already being implemented in education. Students today already live in a real high-tech world. Because each student is unique in psychoemotional and cognitive terms, the process of education is gradually becoming more and more creative by its nature.

Self-rating of a student, establishing meaningful goals while being educated and tracking progress in achieving these goals are now being placed at a transparent and scorable technological platform. Modern digital technologies make it possible to build a new base for efficient education of students.Sonny Magan’s pedagogical method, the T3 Framework, helps teachers in classifying the complexity of students’ training which can be seen as having translational, transformational or transcendent level. Identification and operationalization of levels are done with the use of specialized technological applications having a certain quality of information impact, to achieve desired results in the process of learning [14]. Exponential digitization of the economy urges consumers of goods to more often rely on information technologies. The paradoxical slogan “digitize or die” indicates a strategically important managerial imperative used by company leaders when implementing a particular business model [16]. So, according to Nicolas Windpassinger, there is even nothing to choose between, or, rather, the choice can be described as “black and white”: digitize or die. This is true, in the first place, for the sphere of higher education. Lydia Rose remarks that modern disruptive communication technologies are needed for being implemented in higher education institutions, since they contribute to the efficiency of education.

Online cloud computing in the fields of interaction and communication (social networks and online information resources) are among the necessary technologies for the modern higher education. For the practical reorganization of the educational process, it is necessary to reconstruct the pedagogical environment and introduce new technologies (disruptive communications technologies) [15].

Disruptive innovations present a broad trend of advancing for high quality products. The TBD system format (Technology, Behaviour and Data) is an example of such an application of disruptive technologies. The TBD model allows corporations to maintain a long-term success in a selected production niche. For this reason, the TBD format is becoming an effective guide for making effective decisions when implementing rational investment strategies. It is obvious that disruptive innovations / technologies present a competitive threat for the formerly used “closing / conservative technologies”. It is clear that the process of introduction of disruptive technologies has both positive and negative consequences, whose societal effects and applicability can be verified by means of monitoring the available economic activity. Good historical examples of disruptive technologies are as follows: in 1865 telephones began to replace telegraphs; in the early 19th century in Western Europe ships with steam engine (steamers) took the place of the sailing fleet; in the middle of the 20th century, devices based on semiconductors became much more in demand than electric vacuum devices; already at the beginning of the 21st century, digital cameras began to oust film cameras from the seemingly conservative camera market; electronic mail finally replaced today the “paper-envelope” mail widely used in the 19th and 20th centuries. In his work “Disruptive technologies” (2017) Paul Armstrong suggests to reflect on the road of technological development and mark the necessary steps which must be undertaken by each responsible businessman so that the newest technologies (disruptive technologies) were at a maximal demand. Armstrong examines the symbiosis between knowledge and methods that helps them to effectively interact when recruiting the resources provided by disruptive technologies, with the aim to strengthen one’s basic positions when doing any sort of business [5]. An increased spread of technological innovations in education is largely determined by the phenomenon of creative destruction. Innovation (breakthrough / subversive) technologies are the most important universal resource for the socio-economic progress [17].

Conclusion.

The paper provides the analysis of relevant problems related to studying the premises of introducing innovations into the sphere of education. To successfully implement the program of digitization in Russian economy, radical reforms in the field of higher education must be done. That is why the use of the disruptive innovation model in pedagogical activities will help create a new market demand for educational services. Wide spread of technological innovations is going to help transform the society as it is. The interdisciplinary space of interacting high-tech factors in the field of higher education is a prioritized object of philosophical reflection.